Taught by Dr. Lane G. Tipton, this course offers sustained exegetical and theological engagement with key passages in Paul’s epistle to the Romans, focusing especially on 1:18–21; 2:6–13; 3:20; and 5:12–21. Through careful analysis of these texts, the course addresses foundational questions concerning natural revelation, the doctrine of the sensus divinitatis, the eschatology of justification, and the covenantal structure of redemptive history.

Special attention is given to the interpretation of Romans 1:19–20 in conversation with Thomas Aquinas and John Calvin, comparing their epistemological frameworks and exegetical conclusions while developing a distinctly biblical and confessional Reformed account of innate and acquired knowledge of God. The course also clarifies the already-and-not-yet structure of justification in Romans 2:13 and 3:20 and surveys competing interpretations of 5:12–21—including Pelagian, Roman Catholic, and confessional Reformed readings—culminating in a critical assessment of Karl Barth’s Christ and Adam.